Deception Point Page 87 Free Essays

â€Å"Anything?† Rachel inquired. The pilot let the arm make a few complete revolutions. He balanced a few controls and viewed. We will compose a custom exposition test on Duplicity Point Page 87 or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now It was all unmistakable. â€Å"Couple of little ships way out on the outskirts, yet they’re heading ceaselessly from us. We’re clear. Miles and miles of vast ocean in all directions.† Rachel Sexton murmured, in spite of the fact that she didn't feel especially diminished. â€Å"Do me some help, in the event that you see anything drawing nearer vessels, airplane, anything-will you let me know immediately?† â€Å"Sure thing. Is everything okay?† â€Å"Yeah. I’d simply prefer to know whether we’re having company.† The pilot shrugged. â€Å"I’ll watch the radar, ma’am. In the case of anything blips, you’ll be the first to know.† Rachel’s faculties were shivering as she set out toward the hydrolab. At the point when she entered, Corky and Tolland were remaining solitary before a PC screen and biting sandwiches. Corky shouted to her with his mouth full. â€Å"What’ll it be? Fishy chicken, fishy bologna, or fishy egg salad?† Rachel scarcely heard the inquiry. â€Å"Mike, how quick would we be able to get this data and get off this ship?† 104 Tolland paced the hydrolab, sitting tight with Rachel and Corky for Xavia’s return. The report about the chondrules was nearly as discomforting as Rachel’s news about her endeavored contact with Pickering. The chief didn’t answer. Also, somebody attempted to beat nark the Goya’s area. â€Å"Relax,† Tolland told everybody. â€Å"We’re safe. The Coast Guard pilot is viewing the radar. He can give us a lot of caution in the event that anybody is going our way.† Rachel gestured in understanding, despite the fact that she despite everything looked tense. â€Å"Mike, what the heck is this?† Corky asked, pointing at a Sparc PC screen, which showed a dismal hallucinogenic picture that was throbbing and agitating just as alive. â€Å"Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,† Tolland said. â€Å"It’s a cross area of the flows and temperature inclinations of the sea underneath the ship.† Rachel gazed. â€Å"That’s what we’re moored on top of?† Tolland needed to concede, the picture looked terrifying. At the surface, the water showed up as a twirling somewhat blue green, however following descending, the hues gradually moved to a threatening red-orange as the temperatures warmed up. Close to the base, over a mile down, floating over the sea depths, a dark red, typhoon vortex seethed. â€Å"That’s the megaplume,† Tolland said. Corky snorted. â€Å"Looks like a submerged tornado.† â€Å"Same guideline. Seas are normally colder and progressively thick close to the base, however here the elements are turned around. The deepwater is warmed and lighter, so it ascends toward the surface. In the interim, the surface water is heavier, so it races descending in a tremendous winding to fill the void. You get these drainlike flows in the sea. Gigantic whirlpools.† â€Å"What’s that huge knock on the seafloor?† Corky pointed at the level territory of sea floor, where a huge vault molded hill ascended like an air pocket. Straightforwardly above it twirled the vortex. â€Å"That hill is a magma dome,† Tolland said. â€Å"It’s where magma is pushing up underneath the sea floor.† Corky gestured. â€Å"Like an enormous zit.† â€Å"In a way of speaking.† â€Å"And in the event that it pops?† Tolland scowled, reviewing the well known 1986 megaplume occasion off the Juan de Fuca Ridge, where a great many huge amounts of twelve hundred degrees Celsius magma heaved up into the sea at the same time, amplifying the plume’s power immediately. Surface flows intensified as the vortex extended quickly upward. What occurred next was something Tolland had no expectation of imparting to Corky and Rachel tonight. â€Å"Atlantic magma arches don’t pop,† Tolland said. â€Å"The cold water coursing over the hill constantly cools and solidifies the earth’s outside, keeping the magma securely under a thick layer of rock. In the end the magma underneath cools, and the winding vanishes. Megaplumes are by and large not dangerous.† Corky highlighted a worn out magazine sitting close to the PC. â€Å"So you’re saying Scientific American distributes fiction?† Tolland saw the spread, and recoiled. Somebody had evidently pulled it from the Goya’s file of old science magazines: Scientific American, February 1999. The spread indicated an artist’s rendering of a supertanker twirling crazy in a gigantic pipe of sea. The heading read: MEGAPLUMES-GIANT KILLERS FROM THE DEEP? Tolland dismissed it. â€Å"Totally insignificant. That article is discussing megaplumes in tremor zones. It was a well known Bermuda Triangle speculation a couple of years back, clarifying boat vanishings. In fact talking, if there’s a destructive geologic occasion on the sea depths, which is incredible around here, the vault could break, and the vortex could get large enough to†¦ well, you know†¦ â€Å" â€Å"No, we don’t know,† Corky said. Tolland shrugged. â€Å"Rise to the surface.† â€Å"Terrific. So happy you had us aboard.† Xavia entered conveying a few papers. â€Å"Admiring the megaplume?† â€Å"Oh, yes,† Corky said wryly. â€Å"Mike was simply revealing to us how if that little hill breaks, we as a whole go spiraling around in a major drain.† â€Å"Drain?† Xavia gave a virus giggle. â€Å"More like getting flushed down the world’s biggest toilet.† Outside on the deck of the Goya, the Coast Guard helicopter pilot watchfully viewed the EMS radar screen. As a salvage pilot he had seen a lot of dread in people’s eyes; Rachel Sexton had certainly been apprehensive when she requested that he watch out for startling guests to the Goya. What sort of guests would she say she is anticipating? he pondered. From all the pilot could see, the ocean and air for ten miles every which way contained nothing that watched strange. An angling pontoon eight miles off. An intermittent airplane cutting over an edge of their radar field and afterward vanishing again toward some obscure goal. The pilot murmured, looking out now at the sea surging all around the boat. The sensation was a spooky one-that of cruising max throttle regardless of being tied down. He restored his eyes to the radar screen and viewed. Careful. 105 Locally available the Goya, Tolland had now presented Xavia and Rachel. The ship’s geologist was looking progressively confounded by the recognized escort remaining before her in the hydrolab. Furthermore, Rachel’s enthusiasm to run the tests and get off the boat as quick as potential was plainly making Xavia uncomfortable. Take as much time as is needed, Xavia, Tolland willed her. We have to know it all. Xavia was talking now, her voice firm. â€Å"In your narrative, Mike, you said those little metallic incorporations in the stone could frame just in space.† Tolland as of now felt a tremor of trepidation. Chondrules structure just in space. That’s what NASA let me know. â€Å"But as per these notes,† Xavia stated, holding up the pages, â€Å"that’s not so much true.† Corky glared. â€Å"Of course it’s true!† Xavia frowned at Corky and waved the notes. â€Å"Last year a youthful geologist named Lee Pollock out of Drew University was utilizing another type of marine robot to do Pacific deepwater outside testing in the Mariana Trench and pulled up a free stone that contained a geologic component he had never observed. The element was very comparable in appearance to chondrules. He called them ‘plagioclase stress inclusions’-small air pockets of metal that clearly had been rehomogenized during profound sea pressurization occasions. Dr. Pollock was flabbergasted to discover metallic air pockets in a sea rock, and he figured a novel hypothesis to clarify their presence.† Corky protested. â€Å"I assume he would have to.† Xavia overlooked him. â€Å"Dr. Pollock declared that the stone shaped in a ultradeep maritime condition where extraordinary weight transformed a previous stone, allowing a portion of the different metals to fuse.† The most effective method to refer to Deception Point Page 87, Essay models

How Important Are Persuasive Essay Topics?

How Important Are Persuasive Essay Topics?The importance of ESL persuasive essay topics is an important topic when it comes to finding a job with this kind of educational background. It is an educational background that is full of interesting and challenging subject matter that is being focused on. If you are interested in the fact that you could make the next big time with your passion for an education, you should consider this.Your opinion can make a difference when it comes to matters of the utmost importance. This can also help you when it comes to trying to get yourself recognized as a person who understands the thought process of people. No matter what you may think about these types of subjects, there is no denying that they can provide a way for you to stand out from all the rest. You can accomplish this by devoting the time to learning more about ESL persuasive essay topics.A good level of education will give you a way to be able to achieve the things that you desire; you ca n use your intelligence to achieve the goals that you have set for yourself. When you are considering writing a persuasive essay, you need to remember that you need to make sure that you are using your skill set to find the most effective way to use those skills in order to learn the most effective ways to make sure that you do not miss out on any important areas of the world. As well, you need to remember that just because you know a certain field does not mean that you have to put that knowledge to good use in order to help others.There are many things that you can learn from applying the skills that you have learned in the subject of ESL persuasive essay topics. When you put them into action, you will be able to give yourself the edge that you need to be able to provide yourself with the kind of opportunities that you are looking for. You can use those skills to help other people in situations that they would have otherwise found themselves in.As well, when you are willing to put your time into learning more about ESL persuasive essay topics, you will find that you can provide yourself with a career that is not only interesting but can also provide you with the kind of money that you want. You can use this as an opportunity to branch out and expand your knowledge. Your skills will get you the type of education that you want to receive and this can be used to help you turn this into a career.ESL persuasive essay topics can be used to help you with getting the opportunities that you desire. When you know the reasons that you can provide for yourself, you will be able to use this knowledge to provide yourself with the best opportunity to help people. You will have an easier time in getting the advantages that you need when you know how to use the skills that you have learned through the use of this type of education.When you have spent enough time and effort in learning more about ESL persuasive essay topics, you will be able to make sure that you have the abi lity to provide yourself with the education that you need to succeed in this career. You will be able to make sure that you do not get stuck on something that you might be missing out on in order to help other people. You will be able to gain the skills that you need so that you can get the kind of education that you need to achieve the success that you want to achieve.The fact is that if you have the best skills that you can use, you will be able to make your voice heard when it comes to making sure that you get the job that you want in order to help people. By taking the time to learn more about ESL persuasive essay topics, you will be able to help yourself in every area of your life. This is why it is a good idea to take the time to learn more about ESL persuasive essay topics.

Figuring Out My World: Alison May Essay -- Disease/Disorders

Making sense of My World: Alison May Alison’s story is the ideal case of what numerous families must experience when confronted with the chance of having a kid determined to have a learning inability. Alison was not determined to have visual and sound-related dyslexia until the mid year before entering school. Nonetheless, while still a baby, her manifestations had been brought to her mother’s consideration by her sister’s instructor. Alison’s mother at that point saw her propensities in rehashing words mistakenly and how Alison would require material pieces of information to follow headings. At the suggestion of her kindergarten educator, Alison was tried for taking in handicaps and the outcomes from the school analysts were that she was acting difficult or insubordinate. Her family didn't stop with the school’s finding. They had private testing finished that affirmed Alison didn't have a particular learning incapacity. The last word originated from a relative that happened to be a cl inician. He demanded Alison would develop out of her challenges. So Alison proceeded with her whole basic, center and secondary school venture as an understudy and little girl with an undiscovered learning inability. Alison went through 12 years of her life figuring out how to learn. She was OK with discussion, however couldn't get bearings. This caused her a ton of confidence issues as a little youngster attempting to fit in with the various children. She felt a gigantic measure of weight at both school and home. At age seven, she at long last went to the acknowledgment that she simply didn't comprehend. That is the point at which she started to create methods for dealing with stress like requesting that others rehash and explain headings, spoken or composed. She utilized the prompts of people around her, and watched her cohorts and responses... ...yslexia http://www.tsrhc.org/dyslexia-take-flight.htm †¢ Intel Reader from Intel-GE Care Innovation http://www.careinnovations.com/assistive-perusing innovation Organizations for Dyslexia †¢ Catapult Learning http://www.catapultlearning.com/ †¢ Children’s Dyslexia Centers of New Jersey http://www.mlcnj.org/ †¢ Dyslexia My Life http://dyslexiamylife.org/resour3.html †¢ Bridges4Kids http://www.bridges4kids.org/states/nj.htm †¢ National Disability Rights Network http://www.ndrn.org/ Associations for Dyslexia †¢ Dyslexia International http://www.dyslexia-international.org/index.html †¢ The International Dyslexia Association http://www.interdys.org/ †¢ American Dyslexia Association http://www.american-dyslexia-association.com/ †¢ Davis Dyslexia Association International http://www.dyslexia.com/ †¢ National Center for Learning Disabilities http://www.ncld.org/

Immigrants Should Not Be Illegal - 1137 Words

Immigrants aren’t given the rights that they should be. Throughout history, immigrants haven’t been given the opportunities they deserve. When certain races came to America, they were always unwanted. New immigration process would benefit many people. â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† (U.S. Constitution 14th amendment). There are only a few ways one can become a U.S. citizen. The first method would be getting a green card; if you do receive one that makes you a legal resident. While having one, one would have to be a resident for 5 years and do other qualifications. The second method would be marrying a U.S. citizen. This is a more popular one, but also a more one people tend to do illegally because they only marry for papers and then divorce shortly after. Illegal Immigration has always been a problem in America and dates back to the twentieth century. It started with the banning of criminals and mentally ill who came from China. The first law was passed in 1870. It restricted residency to Asians and was only allowed to whites and AfricanShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigrants Should Be Illegal1456 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion illegal immigrants live in America† (Watkins). According to the recent study, â€Å"The Percentage of immigrants living in the U.S.A. is almost fourteen percent†(Wooldridge). This problem is an issue to the U.S. and will be an issue to all of the nations including europe, asia, etcetera. if it is not fixed. Reason is that the immigrants get more government help or welfare some may call it, than the registered citizens of America. Studies show that 51 percent of homes led by immigrants are gettingRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Deported1483 Words   |  6 Pageswhat will happen to illegal immigran ts. But, beside the president should we keep the illegal immigrants and let them live in the US without fear of being deported or should we deport them back to their native countries such as Mexico and other hispanic areas. As research shows immigrants bring danger to the roads, they fill up prisons, and they suck off of American education. All of these will result in americans being affected negatively in some way. Illegal immigrants should be deported. Read MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Legal1514 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"We should be able to refuse immigrants. There are a lot of illegal’s that are taking jobs that actual Americans need in the current economic conditions, plus they cause our taxes to go up because we have to pay for their health insurance and they might need welfare so they get all the money taken from our pay so they don’t have to work. They should have to speak English too, if I went to their country, no one would be taking care of me and making sure that I can find the bathroom, or feeding myRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Not Be Illegal1082 Words   |  5 Pagesreform was passed. It claimed that US create a tough but fair path to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants currently living in the US. Since then the problem â€Å"Should Undocumented Immigrants Have a Path to Citizenship?† has been risen to the stage of politics. Many governor and citizen think there should have so me path for undocumented immigrants to gain citizenship. By helping the undocumented immigrant to get citizenship could boost the United Stated economy development, bring in more talent peopleRead MoreShould Illegal Immigrants Be Allowed?1734 Words   |  7 Pages15 million immigrants reside in the United States illegally, of which 65.9 percent of those are high school graduates that wish to chase their dreams and go to college.   No one should ever question furthering their education or to stop it simply because of their legal status.   The United States government is acting unfairly upon the issue of whether Illegal immigrants should be allowed to obtain in-state tuition or not. Illegal Immigrants that are dedicated towards their education should be allowedRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Be Granted1027 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that illegal immigrants should be given the chance to be here legally. Many families are torn apart because of deportation. Some mothers have b een forced to leave their kids alone here. This could end up with the kids in the foster system if they have no family here. I’ve heard many stories of how hard it is for people to cross the border. All they want is a better future. That is what America was built on. Immigrants coming here and looking for a better future. So why should we not help thoseRead MoreShould Immigration Be Illegal Immigrants?1723 Words   |  7 Pagesgrounds department. They have to bring their own lunches and have to eat it outside on the picnic benches in the blazing sun. Whenever I ride past them they seem miserable. Not too many of them speak English which leads me to question if they are illegal immigrants or not. Immigration is a complicated concept because there are people who have the beliefs that it destroys the economy, and then there are those who believe it makes the economy run more smoothly and strengthens it. You can argue that allowingRead MoreShould Illegal Immigrants Be Allowed?857 Words   |  4 PagesShould Illegal Immigrants Be Able to Have Driver’s Licenses? The national debate of whether or not illegal immigrants should be able to obtain driver s licenses is not an easy issue to resolve. Two different sides have strong, valid points that adequately support their claims. So prior to making any rational decisions, both viewpoints should be closely observed. After a lot of research and deep thinking, I have decided that I am against the notion of illegal immigrants being grantedRead MoreShould Amnesty Be Illegal Immigrants?855 Words   |  4 Pageseveryone has. I believe granting amnesty to immigrants can bring happiness in both the country and immigrants. For those who do not know what amnesty is, it is an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses. My topic is about granting amnesty to immigrants in any country and to let them have every right a legal citizen has. I will be covering mostly on the immigrants who are currently living in the United States. Having illegal immigrants â€Å"Can he lp with the country s economy†Read MoreShould Illegal Immigrants Be Deported1811 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration i Should Illegal Immigrants Be Deported? Philosophy 518 Dr. Davis June 25, 2012 Illegal Immigration 1 Introduction It is important for businesses and professionals to be versed in ethical issues because it helps with decision-making when faced with different situations that create a moral dilemma. Business and professional ethics help to develop a certain moral standard and expectation in the business world. The ethics in which a business or a professional operates

Comparison of Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and...

A Comparison of Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple Of Zora Neale Hurstons novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Alice Walker says it speaks to me as no novel, past or present, has ever done. Though 45 years separate Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple, the two novels embody many similar concerns and methods. Hurston and Walker write of the experience of uneducated rural southern black women. They find a wisdom that can transform our communal relations and our spiritual lives. As Celie in The Color Purple says, referring to God: If he ever listened to poor colored women the world would be a different place, I can tell you. Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God depicts the process of a womans†¦show more content†¦This problem is especially acute for black women, both writers seem to be saying, because the structures neither of society nor of formal religion provide this grounding. Janie finds it by being true to her own poetic, creative consciousness; in The Color Purple Walkers characters discover it through the strength and wisdom available in the community of women. The ways of the world are represented for Janie by the views of her grandmother, Nanny and her first two husbands, Logan Killicks and Joe Starks. Nanny sees society as a hierarchy, with black women at the bottom. As she tells Janie, Honey, de white man is de ruler of everything as fur as Ah been able tub find out. Maybe its some place off in de ocean where de black man is in power, but we dont know nothin but we see. So de white man throw down de load and tell de nigger man tuh pick it up. He pick it up because he have to, but he dont tote it. He hand it to his womenfolks. De nigger woman is de mule uh de world so far as Ah can see. Though born into slavery, Nanny had dreams of whut a woman oughta be and to do. She wanted to preach a great sermon about colored women sittin on high, but they wasnt no pulpit for [her]. She tries to fulfill her dreams first through her daughter and then through Janie. But slavery and years of dependence on a white family have warpedShow MoreRelatedAlice Walker And Zora Neale Hurston875 Words   |  4 Pagesliberation that is told through the story of survival. The comparison of the two authors expresses hardship among characters to discover their purpose. Also, Walker fines Hurston books intruding on into detail the heritage. Hurston narratives was not dull it was more upscale and interesting to talk about change to become reality. Walker and Hurston develop a comparison of the folk tale tradition in black culture. (Howard 200) Walker’s theme of writing is straight forward, she express throughRead MoreThe Black Womans Burden in Three Novels: Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Toni Mo1391 Words   |  6 Pagesfor black woman, as we see in the character of Janie in Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. Others will focus on the maternal struggle faced by black woman in America as Sethe in Toni Morrisons Beloved embodies. The more traditional but equally valid perspective deals with racial tensions and how racism challenges the inner strength of black woman as seen in the character of Sofia in Alice Walkers The Color Purple. Each angle of discussion serves to further categorize and quantify

Janes Psychological Problems in Charlotte Gilman’s The...

Janes Psychological Problems in Charlotte Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper In Charlotte Gilman’s short story The Yellow Wallpaper, Jane, the main character, is a good example of Sigmund Freud’s Studies In Hysteria. Jane suffers from symptoms such as story making and daydreaming. Jane has a nervous weakness throughout the story. Jane is a victim of a nervous disorder of the brain called hysteria. She is aware that she suffers from a series of mental and physical disturbances. She says that she has a temporary nervous depression: -- a slight hysterical tendency- what is one to do?(2). According to Freud hysteria is a nervous disorder that causes violent fits of laughter, crying, and imagination. It is a lack of†¦show more content†¦Jane is often irritated from the wallpaper in her room. The wallpaper above her bed is stripped off and this bothers her immensely. She claims, I never saw a worse paper in my life(4). In fact, she hates it with great passion by saying no wonder the children hated it! I should hate it myself if I had to live in this room long(4). She refers back to the children from her imagination, the children that were living in the so-called nursery before her. Towards the end of the story, Jane learns to hate the room as a result of spending so much of her time in there. She is really disturbed from the patterns of the wallpaper. Jane comments on the patterns, as a constant irritant to a normal mind(12) because she thinks that she has a normal mind. The color is repellent, that is, almost revolting. She says that it is dull enough to conf use the eye in following, pronounced enough to constantly irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly commit suicide (4). According to Freud, Jane is clearly hallucinating when she says that the lines on the wallpaper suddenly commit suicide(6). She is greatly annoyed and bothered by the way it looks. Jane sees a vision of death in the paper. There is a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down(6). Her imagination of the wallpaper leads her to see a dead person. AsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston1482 Words   |  6 PagesStatement of Value â€Å"Sweat† written by Zora Neale Hurston published in 1926 and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman publish 1892 are both short stories. The depths of both stories is about the main characters whom are both females having a situation of their own in their marriages and at the end coming on top of it. What makes these short stories so captivating is Hurston and Gilman’s characters who give the underlying feminist principle vibe. In the long run, they both haveRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And Charlotte Perkins Gilman s The Yellow Wallpaper Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesA Women’s Role in a Patriarchal Society During the 19th Century Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper are two of the first works of feminist literature in the 19th century. They were written at a time when a woman’s lot was characterized by gender inequality, with few legal, social, or political rights. In the 19th century women were constant victims of society’s ideals, defined as physically and intellectually weaker than men. Fathers and husbandsRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper3202 Words   |  13 PagesEnglish 1302 22 November 2011 Main Character’s Outsider Theme In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, the narrator, Jane, is struggling to deal with her depression that she is suffering in a confined room that her husband, John put her in. John believes that this will cure Jane and make her better from her depression. Instead, Jane is slowly losing herself within the yellow wallpaper in the room causing her to become insane. Jane is not able to express her feelings with her husband

Energy Crisis Important Sustainability Issue

Question: Discuss about the Energy Crisis for Important Sustainability Issue. Answer: Selection and explanation of Important Sustainability Issue (Energy Crisis) Energy Crisis is one of the major sustainability issue faced on a global scale. Energy is vital for performing all sorts of activities like production of food, transportation, and other economic development (Qureshi et al. 2016). Presently the major source of energy is limited to utilization of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. These are non-renewable in nature and likely to exhaust with passage of time. Moreover the reserves are limited unlike the solar or tidal source of power generation. The excessive dependence on these limited sources of energy has led to shortage of energy in many parts of the world. Environmental Elements of Energy Crisis The environmental elements or factors responsible for energy crisis are exhaustible nature of energy sources and affect of natural calamities. The major source of energy that are been utilized presently are coal and petroleum (Hannigan 2014). These are the decayed parts of the body of plant and animals that have been deposited in the inner layers of the earth over the years. The carbon content in the tissues of those body parts are utilized for energy production with the help of combustion. The deposited layer of the coal and petroleum is limited in nature. Constant utilization of them would result in exhaustion of the sources over the years. Figure 1: Utilization of sources of energy (Source: Tie and Tan 2013, pp-95) It has been estimated that the coal and petroleum deposit at the current rate of utilization would get completely used up very soon (Hurt et al. 2013). Sometimes due to earthquake and plate movement in the earth, the deposits of the coal and petrol gets subdued to magma layer of the earth. Hence, they become inevitable for use by humans. During the volcanic eruptions, these layers get distorted and wasted. The crisis of the energy is result of these natural calamities and exhaustive nature of the resources used by the human result. Social Elements of Energy Crisis The social elements and factors that result in energy crisis are the overconsumption of the energy sources and the overpopulation (Ozturk et al. 2013). The energy reserves are limited in nature and not equally distributed over the globe. Some parts of the world are heavy populated so they require more energy to meet the needs of the people. It has been observed that the population of the world is constantly increasing at an alarming rate. So there has been massive increase in the demand of the power source and fuel. For every activity of the people, some energy is been utilized and consumed. Figure 2: Causes of Energy Crisis (Source: Ozturk et al. 2013, pp-74) Modern technology and production in industries and factories require considerably large amount of energy and fuel for its overall activities. Hence the areas that are dominated by the industrial activities and excess technological development exhaust maximum amount of energy. Wastage of energy is another major reason behind the energy crisis. It has been seen that people wastes more energy than they utilize for their needs. In most of the places of the world the people are unaware of energy crisis. They waste the energy supply lavishly without realizing the upcoming problems that they would have to face in the near future. Economical Elements of Energy Crisis The economic elements or factors that result in the energy crisis are cost of utilizing the renewable sources of energy, delay in establishing new power plants or reserves and poor infrastructure for power generation. The sources of energy that are used are non-renewable in (Hein 2015). The utilization of renewable sources of energy like solar or tidal requires modernized tools and techniques. Presently, the prices of these tools and instruments are very high that led to considerable increase in the overall cost of power generation. Maximum drainage of energy from current reserves and power plants has led to inefficiency of the power plant and reserves (Dicaire and Tezel 2013). It can be solved by making a substitute power plant in addition to the existing power plant. The delay in establishing the power plant and reserves would lead to energy crisis in the plant. The infrastructure that is used for power generation is a crucial factor for efficient production of power from the resources. It has been seen that most of the power generation firm continue to use old tools to reduce the expense of the production. These old tools are not capable for working with 100% efficiency and waste some part of the energy resources (Festus and Ogoegbunam 2015). It is one of the main reasons behind the shortage of energy and restriction of the production capacity of the firm. Ethical Dilemmas because of Energy Crisis Energy crisis has affected almost all the activities of the world as it is needed for every activity. The energy crisis affects the world in economic development, providing financial support, in the industrial and agriculture sector and social life of the people. The fundamental problem of the energy crisis is hindering and ceasing the process of the production in different industries. In domestic usage energy crisis would lead to issues with the process of cooking and water stipulation. Figure 3: Social effect of energy crisis (Source: Jacquet and Stedman 2014 pp-1293) Unemployment and Poverty are the two major ethical issues caused by the energy crisis. Employment plays an important role for an individual in achieving his/her daily needs. Poverty is relational condition of earning less money than the required money to fulfill the basic requirements. Unemployment and Poverty both result in defoliating the financial conditions that is caused by the energy crisis. Energy crisis is responsible for load shedding. Load shedding is the condition when the supply of power to a place in disturbed due to shortage. It results in causing unrest and sense of frustration among the people. Sometimes this frustration leads to a protest against the active government body. Explanation of two Ethical Dilemmas because of Energy Crisis The major ethical issues caused by energy crisis are unemployment and poverty. The economic condition of any organization depends on the production and sale of the goods. A huge amount of energy is utilized for production of the goods and fuel is used for providing transport facilities to the organization (Williams et al. 2013). Hence in absence of energy all the critical processing would cease and it would affect the economic condition of the organization. The organization would not be able to sale the goods in the lack of transport facilities if the fuel is not available. Hence it would have to cut the expenses for maintaining the organization. The organization would close its industrial units that would lead to unemployment of many workers (Hein 2015). It would also result in decreasing the opportunity for new employment. The condition of unemployment in major parts of a country is termed as the Recession period for the state. Poverty is the defined as the most evil state of any person or country. There is a limit of per capita income of an individual set (Rosenow et al. 2013). If the annual income of any individual is less than the limited per capita income in the country, then the individual is kept below the poverty line. It is measured statistically. The energy crisis has indirect affect on the poverty. It results in the decline of the economic growth of the country. If the production of energy is low in any country, then it would need to ask for energy supply from some other country (Jacquet and Stedman 2014). The economy of the country would decline resulting in increasing poverty. The energy crisis would result in lowering the production capacity of agriculture and industries. The low productivity of agricultural products and the constrained growth of the industries would lead to an increase in the poverty. Effect of Energy Crisis on Economic Activities The energy crisis has adverse affect on all activities of human and economic conditions. Every industry is dependent on the energy supply for carrying out their activities actively. The energy crisis provides scope for the power supply companies to increase the rate of power supply. The company or the organization that generates and supply power can utilize this opportunity for earning more profit. If the demand of the object is more, it is possible that the supplier can increase the charges of supply (Festus and Ogoegbunam 2015). The company can be benefitted from the government policies in favor to the energy crisis. The economic condition of the power supply companies and organization would increase. It provides opportunity of realization of the expected financial returns with the help of investments in new initiatives of efficient energy plans (Rosenow et al. 2013). It would provide opportunity for the organization to develop new contracts with its customers. The organization can be benefitted by using the energy crisis as an opportunity for developing new improved energy efficient methods of generating energy. The energy resources are tangible and exhaustive in nature. So it is possible that the resources can be tired out due to continuous use. The energy crisis is responsible for decreasing the production of vital tools and technologies used for production of the energy. It would result in increasing the prices of those tools and instruments (Rosenow et al. 2013). Hence the power generation organization would have to buy them at higher costs that would lead to decrease of GDP of the company. Inflation is another important component that would decrease the annual income of the organization caused by the energy crisis. During energy crisis, utilization of substitute energy sources would increase and it would lead to decrease in the. Solution of Energy Crisis (development of renewable energy resource) Energy crisis is one of the biggest problems faced by the people. It results in hindrance to the economy, social life, politics, and environment. The development of the solution for overcoming the situation is by using renewable sources of energy generation. Renewable sources of energy are those sources of energy that can be regenerated over time. It is non exhaustible in nature. Solar, Tidal and wind are the renewable sources of energy. Figure 4: Renewable energy sources (Source: Apergis and Payne 2012, pp-735) The main reason behind the non-sustainability of the fossil energy is its exhaustive nature (Apergis and Payne 2012). The sources of coal and petroleum are limited and extensive uses of them would lead to the complete depletion of their source. However, the sources of solar, tidal and wind energy are not limited. Hence if these sources of energy are utilized for power generation, the energy crisis could be checked and stopped. The generation of power using these renewable sources of energy is economically costly. The total amount that would be required to spent for generation of power from these sources are relatively high in compare to the cost of power generation using fossil fuels as the source (Edenhofer et al. 2013). However if the design is made favorable for generation power with less costing, these renewable energy can replace the traditional process of energy generation in the future. The renewable energy is cheaper than other sources of energy. The technology used for generation of tidal or solar or wind energy is available in the market and it requires modification for generating huge amount of energy (Quaschning 2016). If the capacity of the energy generated by the tools and techniques is increased, then the usage of the fossil fuels can be reduced. The renewable sources of energy is reliable in nature and the manufacturing of the energy sources are economically stable and non vulnerable. The renewable sources of energy are environmental friendly and produces very low greenhouse emission. The power generation using the natural resources produces no toxic waste and does not pollute the air. The energy prices of the non renewable energy are unstable. However, the prices of the natural resources are stable and do not require profound pricing. Wind energy is the best source of energy for the places that are prone to wind velocity (Beurskens and Brand 2016). The windmills can be used for generating electricity by rotating the turbines of the motor. It requires simple technology for energy generation and is clean and eco friendly. Figure 5: Wind energy generation (Source: Hsu et al. 2014, pp-472) Originality check of the Assignment The percentage of matched text is less than 1% Kot, Sebastian, and Beata lusarczyk. "Aspects ofLogistics in Biomass Supply for Energy Production", Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013. Tthe term of Renewable Source was matched from the assignment. It is a technical term, so there was no alternative solution to it. No changes were made to the assignment for reducing the matched text. References Apergis, N. and Payne, J.E., 2012. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model.Energy Economics,34(3), pp.733-738. Beurskens, H.J.M. and Brand, A.J., 2016. Wind Energy.Wind Energy,2015, p.2014. Edenhofer, O., Hirth, L., Knopf, B., Pahle, M., Schlmer, S., Schmid, E. and Ueckerdt, F., 2013. On the economics of renewable energy sources.Energy Economics,40, pp.S12-S23. Festus, M.O. and Ogoegbunam, O.B., 2015. Energy Crisis And Its Effects On National Development: The Need For Environmental Education In Nigeria.British Journal of Education,3(1), pp.21-37. Hannigan, J., 2014.Environmental sociology. Routledge. Hsu, M.C., Akkerman, I. and Bazilevs, Y., 2014. Finite element simulation of wind turbine aerodynamics: validation study using NREL Phase VI experiment.Wind Energy,17(3), pp.461-481. Hurt, M.R., Borton, D.J., Choi, H.J. and Kenttamaa, H.I., 2013. Comparison of the structures of molecules in coal and petroleum asphaltenes by using mass spectrometry.Energy Fuels,27(7), pp.3653-3658. Jacquet, J.B. and Stedman, R.C., 2014. The risk of social-psychological disruption as an impact of energy development and environmental change.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,57(9), pp.1285-1304. Ozturk, S., Sozdemir, A. and Ulger, O., 2013. The real crisis waiting for the world: Oil problem and energy security.International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy,3, p.74. Quaschning, V., 2016.Understanding renewable energy systems. Routledge. Qureshi, M.I., Rasli, A.M. and Zaman, K., 2016. Energy crisis, greenhouse gas emissions and sectoral growth reforms: Repairing the fabricated mosaic.Journal of Cleaner Production,112, pp.3657-3666. Rosenow, J., Platt, R. and Flanagan, B., 2013. Fuel poverty and energy efficiency obligationsA critical assessment of the supplier obligation in the UK.Energy Policy,62, pp.1194-1203. Tie, S.F. and Tan, C.W., 2013. A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,20, pp.82-102. Williams, F.A., Oppenheim, A.K., Olfe, D.B. and Lapp, M. eds., 2013.Modern Developments in Energy, Combustion and Spectroscopy: In Honor of SS Penner. Elsevier. Hein, E., 2015.Causes and Consequences of the Financial Crisis and the Implications for a More Resilient Financial and Economic System: Synthesis of FESSUD Work Package 3(No. wpaper128). Dicaire, D. and Tezel, F.H., 2013. Use of adsorbents for thermal energy storage of solar or excess heat: improvement of energy density.International Journal of Energy Research,37(9), pp.1059-1068.

MUSICHAP18 Flashcard

MUSICHAP18

Rutherfords discoveries essays

Rutherfords discoveries essays Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand in 1871 as one of 12 children. It was Rutherford who first "split" an atom and who discovered the atomic "nucleus", a name that he invented. For this he is regarded as the greatest experimental physicist of his time. Rutherford was one of the first and most important researchers in nuclear physics. Soon after the discovery of radioactivity in 1986 by the French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel, Rutherford discovered the three different types of radiation. By covering his Uranium with thin foils of aluminum, gradually increasing the number of foils. For the first three layers of foil the radiation escaping from the uranium decreased progressively, suggesting an ordinary law of absorption. More thickness of aluminum, however, had little further effect in reducing the radiation at first, but eventually the intensity of the radiation began to diminish again as even more foils were added. These experiments showed that there were at least two distinct types of radiation- one that is very readily absorbed, which he called the alpha - radiation, and the other more penetrative character which he called the beta - radiation. He also had believed that he had found a third more penetrating radiation. T he Frenchman, Paul Villard, officially gave this third radiation. He named it, after Rutherford's first two radiation discoveries, the gamma- radiation. It was these discoveries in radiation that opened the door to the rest of Rutherford' discoveries. Using this alpha radiation, Rutherford started to experiment putting it through other materials to get the effects. It was in one of these experiments with gold that he was able to figure out what an atom looks like. He found that a countable number of alpha particles actually bounced back from a thin sheet of gold foil. Of course the majority of the particles went straight through the gold and were only s ...

Self confidence Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self confidence - Research Proposal Example -identify the COGNITIVE, BIOLOGICAL AND LEARNED aspects involve in your corrent behavior pattern and succinctly describe how these affected you during your change process. the first page shoud include the brief introduction that give a short explenation of COGNITIVE, BIOLOGICAL AND LEARNED aspects of self confidence, the other 4 pages that woul make the body will explane about these aspects involving the changing agent(communication) how to improve the self confidence. The term confidence and self confidence are different in so many aspects. Confidence is a general term which can be applied universally while self confidence is a specific term which is limited to an individual only. Self confidence makes a person able to succeed in his life and at the same time the same thing prepare you to face the failure. The success is always related to the self confidence. â€Å"Who has confidence in himself will gain the confidence of others†.( Leib Lazarow). Self confidence is the driving force behind any person. The success and failure both equally depends on the amount of self confidence one would possess. True self confidence comes from an attitude where you assure yourself to face any kind of situations with true sportsman spirit, no matter how difficult the problem is or how easy it seems to be. Self-confidence gives us the freedom of making mistakes and face it. We can cite Lot of factors which can contribute to the development of self confidenc e. Among them, I think the cognitive, biological and learned aspects are most important. Self confidence starts from the mind. The thinking pattern of mind influences the way in which one respond to various things he met in the life. Mind is the driving force behind every action which is resulted from self confidence. Thinking can be positive and negative. Positive thinking always contributes to the self confidence while negative thinking will retard it. In order to build up the self confidence the best way is

Michael Hill Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Michael Hill - Assignment Example 14 E-Marketing Mix Tactics 14 Price – the strategy 15 Internet for Distribution – the length, the functions, members, B2B, B2C and C2C and management 16 Communication – the applications of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) in the E-environment including Texting, Blackberries, IPhones, wireless network etc. 17 Customer Relationship Management – the contribution of the website in CRM (Personalisation) 17 Organisational structures for implementing the plan 18 Budget (learning outcome 3) 18 Forecast revenue 18 Evaluate costs to reach goals 19 Evaluation Plan (learning outcome 3) 20 Identify appropriate performance indicators 20 References 21 Brief Introduction of the Organization Our organisation is called Michael Hill; this company generally provides jewellery. Michael Hill is an international company; it started in New Zealand since 1979. This business has been started by Sir Michael Hill and his family in Whangarei. However, Michael has extended his stores in all over New Zealand. In 1987 the company has been extended into Australian market. In 2002 the company has opened its first three stores in Canada as well as the company has established in United States. In the end of 2009 the company had 242 stores in New Zealand, Australia, Canada and the United States. The robust growth of the organization since its inception in 1979 was marked by successful accomplishments that included the awarding of its originator, Michael Hills, as one of Ernst & Young’s Entrepreneur of the Year in 2008 (Michael Hill: About Us, n.d.). Its craftmanship in diamonds and watch making are the organization’s core competencies, in conjunction with focus on exemplary customer service. Industry Analysis Strengths (In Michael Hill) Michael Hill Jewellery has some strength which can help them to get better position in their E-Marketing. People in New Zealand know Michael Hill since 1979, so they trust Michael Hill Company. As well as people bel ieve that Michael Hill applies a pricing strategy that focuses on providing low prices through price promotional strategies, yet, good quality. Another reason that makes the firm to stand out is the continual revenue growth, which is a successful outcome of the organization’s core competencies in watch making and diamond craftsmanship. Weaknesses (In Michael Hill) The weaknesses that were noted in the organization includes locating New Zealand stores close to each other, particularly in the northern part of the country (in Glenfield, Pukekohe, and Sylvia Park), as well as in the middle portion (Upper Hutt and Johnsonville) where potentials for increasing market shares are diminished. Likewise, due to the number of stores in New Zealand, the organization carries high inventories which are cost intensive and thereby reduces maximizing income potentials. Opportunities (for Michael Hill) The opportunities open for Michael Hill are areas to expand in the international markets part icularly in emerging markets where economic growths are being exemplified; for instance in markets of

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay Jim Henson once said, â€Å"Kids dont remember what you try to teach them. They remember what you are.† Teaching doesn’t necessarily mean that you have to be smart, you have to be a teacher or professor. Being a good and intellectual person does make you belong. A program named Literacy Training Program (LTS) will help you acquire those required qualifications in order to possess an effective teaching even without getting a bachelor’s degree. LTS is one of the means for us students to help those in need as well as for us to contribute to society by aiding these people to become better citizens. At first, I only require myself to attend and give presence every meeting just for the sake of passing and completion of units. Little did I know that LTS was not just a subject to attend but rather exposing one’s self into realities of life. As a student, I am not very much exposed to different kinds of people, different situations of everyday life, and to different communities as well. In our immersion that was held twice, I have seen those. It made me realized how blessed I am compared with them. So I have attained the urge of taking it as challenge. I am challenge because I am not typically a patient person and not really good in teaching. As a beginner, you must possess virtues like integrity, dedication, fairness and an open mind to greet new ideas and innovate. You should also bear in mind the value of positive reinforcement. I was also taught that we should always establish good relationships with the kids. I witnessed many scenes that a teacher encounters in her teaching career. I felt what a professional teacher felt when she wants her students to learn something new from her. Here, I felt pity with the students not having a proper care from their family. I learned so many things in this teaching experience. I learned how to be more prepared for the materials that I needed, to be patient in making my student understand our lesson, and to be a good listener. I learned the difficulty of teaching many students and the joy I got from it. I learned how to have sympathy for others, to understand their weaknesses and to appreciate their abilities. Most of all, I learned how to socialize with other people, expose myself to the community and adopt their surroundings. LTS helped me develop and grow even more as a student. It opened our minds for us to be able to understand the different circumstances as to what the children experienced. It helped us not to be judgmental to these children and instead to extend our patience until they will be able to understand what is taught to them. We always end our program with a prayer, making the children realized that whatever happens, we should always thank God about everything for what He had given to us, that we should ask for forgiveness and hoping that by the next immersion, it would be much better.

Personal Narrative - Renewed Love for My Sister :: Personal Narrative Writing

Personal Narrative- Renewed Love for My Sister "The essence of life is to be found in the frustrations of established order." -John Gardner "God, Kris, you are so disgusting!" I made a noise like a rhino in heat as I opened my mouth to reveal the large piece of orange gum that hung precariously from my tongue. "Thanks a lot, E. You're the one that called it an orange slug." We both let out an uproarious laugh and quickly quieted ourselves. The geriatrics nearby were looking at us again. Our stifled laughter was still loud enough to make passersby wonder about our sanity, and that was just the way we liked it. "Wait, wait! Do it again, but open your eyes wide; like you did the first time." I concentrated hard for a second, then with my eyes as wide as I could make them, I dropped my jaw and flicked my tongue wildly in her direction. I then snapped my mouth shut and blinked heartily. I licked my lips and tasted the sweet, artificial-peach flavor. The "slug" rolled around gleefully in my mouth as Erika and I chuckled at the various mallrats screaming and laughing in the opposite corners of the food court. "What a bunch of fucking losers!" Erika said as she flopped the middle part of her "tri-hawk" to the right side of her head and looped the barbell in her tongue through the two lip rings that protruded awkwardly from her mouth. A putrid scent was carried our way by crowds of people that were walking by us. I could taste the stench in the air. "Let’s get up and walk around. The Cookie Guy said it would take thirty minutes or so." We’d ordered a cookie for my mom who had just had knee surgery. The "Cookie Guy" in question was a good-looking, nice guy who had helped us. It was more than a little strange to tell him that I wanted a giant cookie that said, "We love you, Mommy!" I thought about telling him to write something like, "Welcome back from the state pen. Thirty-five years is a long time, Daddy" or "We love you, Elvis," but in the end, I decided against it. We followed my suggestion and walked up the mall to the Deb Shop. Even from thirty feet away it reeked of perfume and cheap, polyester fabric. As we closed the distance between ourselves and the store, the sheen of the predominantly sparkly clothing temporarily blinded us with a bright reflection of the healthy orange glow emitted by the fluorescent lights perched high above.

Corporations Essay

CHAPTER 19 CORPORATIONS 1. – THE NATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS A corporation is a legal entity created and recognized by state law. It can consist of one or two persons identified under a common name. CORPORATE PERSONNEL When an individual purchases a share of stock in a corporation, that person becomes a shareholder and owner of the corporation. Shareholder and corporations are liable. THE LIMITED LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDER One of the key advantages of the corporate forms is the limited liability of its owners. Corporate shareholders normally are not personally liable for the obligations of the corporation beyond the extent of their investments. CORPORATE TAXATION Corporate profits are taxed, and do not receives tax deduction for dividends distributed to shareholders. Profits that are not distributed are retained by the corporation. These retained earnings if invested properly, will yield higher corporate profits in the future. TORTS AND CRIMINAL ACTS A corporation is liable for the torts committed by its agents or officers within the course and scope of their employment. Corporation may be held liable for criminal acts of its agents and employees, provided the punishment is one that can be applied to the corporation, corporation can be fined. CORPORATION SENTENCING GUIDELINES Penalties depend on factors and executives involvement. Corporate lawbreakers can face fines smaller amounting or to hundreds of millions of dollars. When a company has taken substantial steps to prevent, investigate, and punish wrongdoing, such as by establishing and enforcing crime prevention  standards, a court may impose less serious penalties. Corporate sentencing guidelines require corporations to train employees on how to comply with relevant laws. CLASSIFICATION OF CORPORATIONS Domestic, foreign, and alien corporations * Domestic corporation; by its home state (the state in which it incorporates). * Foreign corporation; corporation formed in one state but doing business in another state. * Alien corporation; corporation formed in another country but doing business on the E.E.U.U. In some instances, the corporation must obtain a certificate of authority in any state which plans to do business. But the foreign corporation does not need this certificate to sell goods over the internet. Public and private corporations * Public corporation, is one formed by the government to meet some political purpose, such a U.S. Postal service, AMTRAK. A public corporation is not the same as a publicly held corporation. A publicly held corporation is any corporation whose shares are publicly traded in a securities market, such as the New York Stock Exchange or over the counter market. * Private corporation, are created for private benefit. Most corporations are private although they may serve a public purpose. Nonprofit corporation Corporation formed for purposes other making a profit are called nonprofit or not-for-profit corporations. Private hospitals, educational institutions, charities, and religious organizations for example, are organized as nonprofit organization. Close corporations A close corporations is one whose shares are held by members of a family or by relatively few persons. Referred also as closely held, family, or privately held corporations. Usually the members of the small group  constituting a close corporation are personally know to each other. A close corporation is often operated like a partnership. *Management of close corporations To prevent a majority shareholder from dominating a close corporation, the corporation may require that more than a simple majority of the directors approve any action taken by the board. *Transfer of shares in close corporations The transfer of one shareholder’s shares to someone else can cause serious management problems. Control of a close corporation can also be established through the use of shareholder agreement. S corporations A close corporation that meets the qualifying requirements specified in subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code can operate as an S corporation. If a corporation has a S corporation status, it can avoid the imposition of income taxes at the corporate level while retaining many of the advantages of a corporation, particularly limited liability. *Qualification requirement for S corporations 1) The corporation must be a domestic corporation. 2) The corporation must not be a member of an affiliated group of corporations. 3) The shareholders of the corporation must be individuals, estates, or certain trusts. 4) The corporation must have no more than one hundred shareholders. 5) The corporation must have only one class of stock, although all shareholders do not need to have the same voting rights. 6) No shareholder of the corporation may be a nonresident alien. *Benefits of a S corporations 1) When a corporation has losses, the S election allows the shareholders to use the losses to offset other taxable income. 2) When the shareholder’s tax bracket is lower than the tax bracket for regular corporations. The S election causes the corporation’s entire income to be taxed in the shareholder’s bracket, whether it is distributed. Professional corporation Professional corporation such as physician, lawyers, dentists, and accountants can incorporate. There is generally no limitation on liability for acts of malpractice or obligations incurred because of a breach of duty to a client of a PC. In many states, professional persons are liable not only for their own negligent acts, but also for the misconduct of persons under their direct supervision who render professional services. A shareholder in a professional corporation is generally protected from contractual liability and cannot be held liable for the torts that are committed by other professional at the firm. 2. – CORPORATE FORMATION One of the most common reasons for creating a corporation is the need for additional capital to finance expansion. Incorporation may be the best choice for an expanding business organization because a corporation can obtain more capital by issuing shares to stock. PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES Persons rarely engage in preliminary promotional activities. It is important for businesspersons to understand that they are personally liable for all preincorporation contracts made investor, accountants, or others on behalf of the future corporation. INCORPORATION PROCEDURES Exact procedures for incorporation differ among states, but the basic steps are as follows: 1) Select a state of incorporation. 2) Secure the corporate name. 3) Prepare the articles of incorporation. 4) File the articles of incorporation with the secretary of state. Selecting the state of incorporation Because laws differ from state to state. States fees are considered too. Securing the corporate name The choice of a corporate name is subject to state approval to ensure against duplication or deception. All the states require the corporation name to include the word corporation (Corp.), Incorporated (Inc.), company (Co.), or limited (Ltd.). Preparing the articles of incorporation The primary document needed to incorporate a business is the articles of incorporation, must include the following information; 1) The name of the corporation. 2) The number of shares the corporation is authorized to issue. 3) The name and address of the corporation’s initial registered agent. 4) The name and address of each incorporator. *Shares of the corporation The articles must specify the number of shares of stock the corporation is authorized to issue. A company might state that the aggregate number of shares that the corporation has the authority to issue is 5k. *Registered office and agent The corporation must indicate the location and address where of it registered office within the state. *Incorporators Each incorporator must be listed by name and address. *Duration and purpose A corporation has a perpetual existence unless the articles state otherwise. The owners may want to prescribe a maximum duration, however, after which the corporation must formally renew its existence. A corporation can be formed for any lawful purpose. *Internal organization Articles can describe the corporation’s internal management structure, although this is usually included in the bylaws adopted after the corporation is formed. Filing the articles with the State Once the articles of incorporation have been prepared and signed by the incorporators, they are sent to the appropriate state official, usually the secretary of State. FIRST ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING TO ADOPT BYLAWS Usually, the most important function of this meeting is the adoption of bylaws. If the articles of incorporation named the initial board of directors, then the directors, by majority vote, call the meeting to adopt the bylaws and complete the company’s organization. DEFECTS IN FORMATION AND CORPORATE STATUS The procedures for incorporation are very specific. If they are not allowed precisely, others may be able to challenge the existence of the corporation. When the corporation seeks to enforce a contract against a defaulting party that party may be able to avoid liability on the ground of a defect in the incorporation procedure. De Jure and De Facto corporations If a corporation has substantially complied with all conditions precedent to incorporation, a corporation is said to have de jure existence. Because a de jure corporation is one that is properly formed, neither the state nor third party can attack its existence. Sometimes, there is a defect in complying with statutory mandates, under these circumstances the corporation may have de facto status, meaning that it will be treated as a legal corporation despite the defect in its formation. The following elements are required for de facto status; 1) There must be a state statute under which the corporation can be incorporated. 2) The parties must have made a good faith attempt to comply with the statute. 3) The enterprise must already have undertaken to do business as a corporation. Corporation by Estoppel If a business holds itself out to others as being a corporation but has made no attempt to incorporate, the firm normally will be stopped from denying corporate status lawsuit by a third party. When justice requires, the courts treat an alleged corporation as if it were an actual corporation for the purpose of determining the rights and liabilities in particular circumstances. A corporation by estoppels is thus determined by the situation. CORPORATE POWERS When a corporation is created, the express and implied powers necessary to achieve its purpose also come into existence. The following order of priority is used if a conflict arises among the various documents involving a corporation; 1) U. S. Constitution. 2) Constitution of the state of incorporation. 3) State statutes. 4) Articles of incorporation. 5) Bylaws. 6) Resolutions of the board of directors. To borrow funds, the corporation acts through its board of directors to authorize the loan. ULTRA VIRES DOCTRINE The term ultra vires means â€Å"beyond the power†. Most cases dealing with ultra vires acts have involved contracts made for unauthorized purposes. In some states, when a contract is entirely executor, either party can use a defense of ultra vires to prevent contract enforcement. 3. – PIERCING CORPORATE VEIL Occasionally, the owners use a corporate entity to perpetrate a fraud, circumvent the law, or in some other way accomplish an illegitimate objective. In these situations, the court will ignore the corporate structure and pierce the corporate veil. The following are some of the factors that frequently cause of the courts to pierce the corporate veil; 1) A party is tricked into a dealing. 2) The corporation is set up never to make a profit or always to be insolvent. Not enough money when it formed. 3) Statutory corporate formalities, such a holding required corporation meeting, are not allowed. 4) Personal and corporate interests are mixed together. THE COMINGLING OF PERSONAL AND CORPORATE ASSETS The potential for corporate assets to be used for personal benefit its especially great in a close corporation, in which the shares are held by a single person or by few individuals. In such a situation, the separate status of the corporate entity and the shareholder must be carefully preserved. Certain practices invite trouble â€Å"family owned corporation†, the comingling of corporate and personal funds, the failure to remit taxes, including payroll, and the shareholders continuous personal use of corporate property. LOANS TO THE CORPORATION Corporation laws usually do not specifically prohibit a shareholder from leading funds to her or his corporation. Any transaction has to be made in a good faith and for fair value. 4. – DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, AND SHAREHOLDERS ROLE OF DIRECTORS The board of directors is the ultimate authority in every corporation. Directors have responsibility for all policymaking decisions necessary to the management of all corporate affairs. Just as shareholders cannot act individually to bind the corporation, the directors must act as a body in carrying out routine corporate business. The board selects and removes the corporate officers. Election of directors Can be less than three, directors are elected by a majority vote of the shareholders. *Removal of directors A director can be removed for cause (failing to perform). *Vacancies on the board of directors Can occur because of death or resignation or when a new position is created through amendment of the articles or bylaws. Compensation of directors Director usually are compensated for time, effort, etc. In many corporations directors are also chief corporate officers and receive compensation in their managerial positions. Board of directors meetings The board of directors conducts business by holding formal meetings with recorded minutes. The date of regular meetings are usually established in the articles or by board resolution. Rights of directors A corporate director must have rights to function properly in that position. COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1) Executive committee. The board members often elect an executive committee of directors to handle the interium management decisions between board of directors meetings. 2) Audit committee. Is responsible for the selection, compensation, and oversight of the independent public accountants who audit the corporations financial records. 3) Nominating committee. This one chooses the candidates for the board of directors that management wishes to submit to the shareholders in the next election. 4) Compensation committee. Reviews and decides the salaries, bonuses, stock options and other benefits. 5) Litigation committee. Decides whether the corporation should pursue requests by shareholders to file a lawsuit against some party that has allegedly harmed the corporation. CORPORATE OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVES Officers and other executives are hired by the board of directors. DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS Are deemed to be fiduciaries of the corporation because their relationship with the corporation and its shareholders is one of trust and confidence. Duty of care Directors and officers must exercise due care in performing their duties, they need to act in a good faith. If directors and officers failed to exercise due care results in harm to the corporation can be held liable for negligence. *Duty to make informed and reasonable decisions Directors and officers are expected to be informed on corporate matters and to conduct a reasonable investigations of this situations before making a decision. *Duty to exercise reasonable supervision Directors are also expected to exercise a reasonable amount of supervision when they delegate work to corporate officers and employees. *Dissenting directors Directors are also expected to attend board of directors meetings, and their votes should be entered into the minutes. Unless a dissent is entered in the minutes, the director is presumed to have assented. Dissenting directors are rarely held individually liable to the corporation. *The business judgment rule Directors and officers are expected to exercise due care and to use their best judgment in guiding corporate management, but they are not insurers of business success. Under the business judgment rule, a corporate director or officer will not be liable to the corporation or to its shareholders mistakes of judgment and bad business decisions. Duty of loyalty Defined as faithfulness to one’s obligations and duties. Typically involve; 1) Competing with the corporation. 2) Usurping a corporate opportunity 3) Having an interest that conflicts with the interest of the corporation. 4) Engaging in insider trading. 5) Authorizing a corporate transaction that is detrimental to minority shareholders. 6) Selling control over the corporation. Conflicts of interest Corporate directors often have many business affiliations, and a director may sit on the board of more than one corporation. Sometimes engage personal interest too. Liability of directors and officers Corporate directors and officers are personally liable for their own torts and crimes. Additionally they may be held personally liable for the torts and crimes committed by corporate personnel under their direct supervision. THE ROLE OF SHAREHOLDERS The acquisition of a share of stock makes a person an owner of and shareholder in a corporation, shareholders own the corporation but have no right to manage it. Basically the shareholders ownership control is limited to voting to elect or remove members of the board of directors and deciding whether to approve fundamental changes in the corporation. Shareholders are not agents of the corporation, nor do they have legal title to the corporations property, such as its building and equipment, they simply have an equitable (ownership) in the firm. Shareholders powers Shareholders must approve fundamental changes affecting the corporations before the changes can be implemented. Shareholder approval normally is required to amend the articles of incorporation or bylaws, to conduct a merger or dissolve the corporation, and to sell all or substantially all of the corporations assets. Shareholders have the power to vote to elect or remove members of the board of directors. Shareholders meetings At least annually and proper notice need to be send it. *Proxies The law allows stockholders to either vote in person or appoint another person as their agent to vote their shares at the meetings. The signed appointment form authorizing an agent to vote the shares is called proxy. Shareholder voting Shareholders exercises ownership control through the power of their votes. Corporate business matters are presented in the form of resolutions, which shareholders vote to approve or disapprove. *Quorum requirements At least 50% need to be present. Extraordinary corporate matters, such as a merger, consolidation, or the dissolution of the corporation require approval by a higher percentage of representatives of all corporate shares entitled to vote. *Voting list The RMBCA requires a corporation to maintain an alphabetical voting list of shareholders. *Cummulative voting Most states permit and some require, shareholders to elect directors by cumulative voting, a voting method designed to allow minority shareholders to be represented on the board of directors. *Other voting techniques A voting trust is an agreement under which shareholder transfers the shares to a trustee, usually for a specified period of time. The trustee is responsible for voting the shares on behalf of the beneficiary-shareholder. RIGHTS OF SHAREHOLDERS Stock certificates Is a certificate issued by a corporation that evidences ownership of a specified number of shares in the corporation. In jurisdiction that require the issuance of stock certificates, shareholders have the right to demand that the corporation issue certificates and record their names and addresses in the corporate stock record books. Preemptive rights With preemptive rights a shareholder receives a preference over all other purchasers to subscribe to or purchase a prorated share of a new issue of stock. Which means a shareholder who is given preemptive rights can purchase the same percentage of the new shares being issued as she or he already holds in the company. This rule does not apply to treasury shares, shares that are authorized but have not been issued. Stock warrants Are rights to buy stock at a stated price by a specified date that are given by the company. Dividends Is a distribution of corporate profits or income orders by the directors and paid to the shareholders in proportion to their respective shares in the corporation. *Sources of funds for dividends Depending on the state law, dividends may be paid from the following sources; 1) Retained earnings 2) Net profits 3) Surplus *Directors failure to declare a dividend Shareholders can ask the court to compel the directors to meet and declare a dividend. To succeed the shareholders must show that the directors have acted so unreasonably in withholding the dividend that their conduct is an abuse of their discretion. Inspection rights Shareholders in a corporations enjoy both law and statutory inspection right (but limited). This include inspect voting lists, specified corporate records. Transfer of shares Corporate stock represents an ownership right in intangible personal property. The law generally recognizes the right of an owner to transfer property to another person unless there are valid restrictions on its transferability. Rights on dissolution When a corporation is dissolved and its outstanding debts and the claims of its creditors have been satisfied, the remaining assets are distributed on a pro rata basis among the shareholders. The shareholders derivative suit When the corporation is harmed by the actions of a third party, the directors can bring a lawsuit in the name of the corporation against that party. LIABILITY OF SHAREHOLDERS One of the hallmarks of the corporate organization is that shareholders are nor personally liable for the debts of the corporation. If the corporation fails the shareholder can lose their investment but that is the limit of their liability. Watered stock When a corporation issued shares for less than their fair market value, the shares are referred as watered stock. Usually the shareholder who receives the watered stock must to pay the difference to the corporation. Duties of majority shareholders A majority shareholder is regarded as having a fiduciary duty to the corporation and to the minority shareholders. This occurs when a single shareholder owns a sufficient number of shares to exercise de facto control over the corporation. In these cases the majority shareholders owe a fiduciary duty to the minority shareholders. A breach of fiduciary duties by those who control a closely held corporation normally constitutes what is known as oppressive conduct. 5. – MAJOR BUSINESS FORMS COMPARED

GEK1549 Assignment 1 - 1651 Words

Part 1: Graphical Representation Part 2: Summary of argument In the article â€Å"Fossil Fuels Improve the Planet† (Epstein, 2013), Alex Epstein’s main claim was that fossil fuels should be used without restriction as they provide reliable and affordable energy that improves the lives of mankind. Aiming to convince the reader fossil fuels should be freely used, he first argued that the energy provided by fossil fuels is vital to the health and well-being of mankind. He supported this by stating that processes such as purifying water, mass production of medicine and fresh food,†¦show more content†¦References Anderson, D. United Nations Development Programme, United Nations. World Energy Council. (2000). World Energy Assessment: Energy and the challenge of sustainability. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme In: Chapter 11 Energy and Economic Prosperity. (P.394-411) Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/ International Energy Agency Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2013). World energy outlook 2013. Paris: OECD/IEA. Retrieved from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ Epstein’s second argument is that alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels are not as effective. The argument uses inductive reasoning as Epstein focuses on 2 alternative sources of energy and attempts to convince the reader of his argument based on their observed limitations. The premises offered are that renewable energy such as solar and wind is unreliable, not cost effective and also unable to be mass-produced. He is able to support this with his claim that even after years of investments from many countries renewable energy only accounts for less than 0.5% of the planets energy. He also supports this by quoting examples of some richer countries that have been unsuccessful in making renewable energies usable on a larger scale even after spending large sums of money, resulting in rising youth unemployment rates as high as 50% in Spain and